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Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punishment- The Birth of Prison. 169-73.

Goodban, Elizabeth. Prison Problems of the Past and Present. 7 Sept. 2006. <http://http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/57125/prison_problems_of_the_past_and_present.html>.

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Morris, Norval, and David Rothman. The Oxford History of the Prison- Delinquent Children. Vol. 1. 321-36.

Phillips, Shawn M. "Deviancy to Mental Illness: Nineteenth-Century Developments in the Care of the Mentally Ill." Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 5: 1800 to 1899. Detroit: Gale, 2000. 311-313.

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Wingfield, William E. "Mental Illness." Dictionary of American History. 3rd ed. 2003.